A ProPublica investigation identified over 40 cases in which immigration agents used chokeholds and other neck restraints on civilians, citizens, and protesters during deportation enforcement operations, and found that at least 170 U.S. citizens have been arrested by immigration agents. Former police officers and law enforcement experts who reviewed the footage said the tactics resulted in apparent seizures, loss of consciousness, and serious injuries. In one case, plainclothes agents in Los Angeles pinned an ICU nurse, Amanda Trebach, to the pavement and knelt on her back and head while she was filming an ICE operation; she was held in federal custody without being told her rights or destination before her release. The Department of Homeland Security has not publicly reported any disciplinary action against agents despite a federal ban on such tactics since 2023.