A report by Harvard University researchers and Physicians for Human Rights found that nearly 14,000 immigrants were placed in solitary confinement in detention centers nationwide between April 2024 and August 2025, with some held for 15 days or longer—periods the United Nations considers psychological torture. Vulnerable detainees, including those with mental health issues, were isolated for an average of 38 days in early 2025, compared to 14 days in 2021.